Essay Raymond Chandlers Writing Techniques in The Big Sleep

Raymond Chandlers Writing Techniques in The Big Sleep I sat at my desk, wondering what I could possibly write about The Big Sleep. I mean, there are so many possibilities. This guy, Raymond Chandlers writing style is so different from anything I have ever read before, that there are many things that I could talk about. I heard that Chandler once said, I live for syntax! It does not surprise me that he would say something along those lines. I mean, this writer is all over the page with different writing techniques. Whether it is his use of similes or the lack of punctuation, Chandlers novel is easy to read, process and enjoy. I wouldnt say that this book requires an in-depth reading to understand the†¦show more content†¦In places that he could use a dash, the reader will see a comma. This is a strange style because it makes the reader think that he did not know how to use the other kinds of punctuation so he just stuck to the comma. I think that Chandler was a bit comma happy because every paragraph, consisting of about six sentences on average, probably has six or seven commas at least-thats a lot for one small paragraph! Small paragraphs are also a characteristic of Chandlers style. Not including the conversational paragraphs, I would say that Chandlers average paragraph was six sentences. The sentences say what they say; they are not long-winded, layered sentences, but quick and to the point sentences. The words in the sentences are not by any means elaborate either. It might take longer to find a word with more than two syllables than a colon! This technique is very effective to let the reader follow the plot easier; the words are not ones that an average intellectual person would stumble over. Possibly the most famous of Chandlers techniques is his use of similes. The man must eat, sleep and breathe similes because they are everywhere! If the reader were to open the book to any page, most likely there will be a simile on it. For instance, randomly opening my copy of The Big Sleep, I turn to page 81 and find this: People who spend their money for second-hand sex jags are as nervous as dowagers who cant find the restroom (81).Show MoreRelatedThe Crime On Cote Des Neiges By David Montrose952 Words   |  4 PagesSark’s wallet up to the Island in the Laurentians. We know that Teed is following a lead he found at the first crime scene because Montrose has given us that bit of information. When comparing Montrose’s work to that of Raymond Chandler’s novel and the film adaptation, The Big Sleep we can see that the narration of detective Philip Marlowe is not very telling of where the story is to go or any insight into the detectives mind. Almost as if C handler deliberately left out those clues due to the fastRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 Pagestercets linked by common rhymes: ABA BCB CDC etc. Dante pioneered terza rima in The Divine Comedy. The form is hard to maintain in English, although there are some notable exceptions, such as Percy Bysshe Shelley’s â€Å"Ode to the West Wind.† Other Techniques Punctuation: Like syllable stresses and rhyme, punctuation marks influence the musicality of a line of poetry. * When there is a break at the end of a line denoted by a comma, period, semicolon, or other punctuation mark, that line is end-stopped

Philosophy is Important Essay - 2662 Words

Philosophy is Important Philosophy is an important subject, because it helps us understand three big questions; â€Å"why are we here†, â€Å"what do we do†, and â€Å"how do we treat each other†. These are important questions to answer because without them we may end up in a situation much like the Taliban is in right now. Complete chaos created from confusion about those three big questions. These questions are left in a general sense because there are many different ways to look at them. After all we have many different people with many different ideas and so to come to a more concise understanding of such important topics we need everyone’s viewpoint. This is the purpose of something philosophers call â€Å"The great conversation†. For example: Think†¦show more content†¦How would you react? Would you believe them? This was Plato’s way of getting people to explore what they didn’t know existed. To question things in life instead of merely accepti ng what they were told was the truth. To get people to explore the outside world, so they don’t become a â€Å"prisoner of ignorance† forced to live a life based on what they are told and not what they experience for themselves. Questioning, and exploring what’s around you and how it affects you is part of getting a more complete answer to those three big questions, which is the task of philosophy. But how does one know what to explore? I mean the world is a huge place and one person can’t possibly explore everything, how do you know where to start? This is where the â€Å"Three Divisions of Knowledge† come into play. Philosophers divided knowledge into three groups: Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and Humanities. Each focuses on â€Å"disciplines† and questions. A discipline is a branch of knowledge or teaching. Basically each â€Å"division of knowledge† helps explain certain disciplines for example: The Humanities group focuses on questions like â€Å"why are we here†, â€Å"what is worth doing†, â€Å"how should we treat each other†, and â€Å"what should we do†. And helps explain: literature, art theology, history, music and more. Some raging Humanity debates of the past have included: Existence of god? Post modernity v. enlightenment, and â€Å"what is the purposeShow MoreRelatedWho Is The Most Important Philosophy?1094 Words   |  5 PagesPerspective is everything. Before I die I want to leave you with what I believe is the most important philosophy in life. I’ ve learned a lot throughout my many years, and wish I had known what I know now, when I was younger. We dictate our own lives. We get to choose how we want to interpret the curve balls life throws at us. As humans, most of us are on the pursuit of happiness. It is believed that it’s human nature to want to be happy, but this is a very vague statement. For some people, beingRead MoreThird Breaking Down His Most Important Philosophies1097 Words   |  5 PagesMichael Diaz Professor Keedy April 17, 2015 Core Comp. II Discovery Draft Part 2 Third-Breaking down his most important philosophies: I. Present and explain in depth the each of the following: A. How he came up with such ideas. B. Provide example/ apply to life: 1. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 2. Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science 3. Critique of Practical Reason 4. Critique of the Power of Judgment 5. Critique of Pure Reason a. Knowledge b. Metaphysics Topic: CritiqueRead MoreSocrates: One of the Most Important Figures in Western Philosophy1252 Words   |  6 Pagesvolunteered to be a soldier in the Peloponnesian War. After his retirement of the army, most of his time and energy in his adult life was spent in pursuing wisdom. Plato was Socrates’ most famous student because of his devotion that he had with philosophy. â€Å"Philosophy, the love of wisdom, was for Socrates itself a sacred path, a holy quest -- not a game to be taken lightly. He believed -- or at least said he did in the dialog Meno -- in the reincarnation of an eternal soul, which contained all knowledgeRead MoreEssentialism is an educational philosophy in which it is important to â€Å"promote and instill cultural600 Words   |  3 PagesEssentialism is an educational philosophy in which it is important to â€Å"promote and instill cultural literacy in all students† (Morrison, 2009, p.338). Teachers only teach the basic skills that they think are necessary for educational and cultural growth. I noticed several things throughout my experience with the school system which leads me to suggest that our school system is based on the philosophy of essentialism. Essentialists believe that a curriculum that develops cultural literacy and basicRead MoreSt. Augustines important philosophical contributions to defend the philosophy of Christianity.1709 Words   |  7 PagesSt. Augustine made some very important philosophical contributions to defend the philosophy of Christianity. One of these contributions concerned the philosophical problem of evil. Up until St. Augustines time, philosophers questioned the idea proposed by Christians that evil generated in a world created by a perfectly good God. The problem is easy enough to understand, yet slightly more complicated to solve. St. Augustine raised some fairly good propositions to offer an explanation for this questionRead MoreMy Classroom Philosophy : Teaching Children Behaviors That May Be An Important Part Of The Lesson Plan1705 Words   |  7 PagesMy classroom philosophy is to give children opportunities to use knowledge that is taught in learni ng activities. 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The sociology o f education is the study of educational structures, processes, and practices from a sociologicalRead More The Importance of Philosophy Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Philosophy The question is Philosophy. Why is it important? What makes it important? To answer theses questions you first have to know what philosophy is. Philosophy is defined as: the pursuit of wisdom; a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means. This is the written definition of philosophy, but I think philosophy can’t be defined to just words. It’s more then words. Philosophy to me is an attempt to understandRead MoreNursing: Providing The Best Possible Care For Patients1457 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Nursing Philosophy Nursing has developed from its original roots, to become a personal philosophy to those who practice it. 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Science Is a Threat to Humanity Free Essays

SCIENCE IS A THREAT TO HUMANITY 1ST – OPPOSITION Thank you my dear madam speaker. Assalamualaikum and a very good day to the wise and honourable adjudicators, the alert and punctual time keeper, my fellow teammates, the misleading government team and MOTH. Before i start, i would like to refute the definition given by the government team. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Is a Threat to Humanity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, it is my duty to define the key words of today’s motion. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, science means knowledge about the world, especially based on examination and testing, and on facts that can be proved. Threat means someone or something that is regarded as a possible danger. Lastly, humanity means the state of being human and having qualities and rights that all people have. So, the full definition of today’s motion is knowledge about the world, especially based on examination and testing and on facts that can be proved is a possible danger to qualities and rights of all people. Now, please allow me to rebut the point given by the Prime Minister. He/She claims said that ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ But that is not true because ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Before i go on with my arguments, i would like to stress that my team mates and i are totally disagree with the motion today that says ‘Science is a threat to Humanity’ and would like to switch this motion to ‘Science is a bless to humanity’ which means knowledge about the world, especially based on examination and testing and on facts that can be proved makes people happy and satisfied in terms of qualities and rights of all people. Now, please allow me to introduce my team mates. I as the first speaker will talk about Science gives major health benefits while my second speaker will further strengthen our team’s stand on this motion by talking about Science helps in improving qualities of life and Science improve communication. Last but not least, my third speaker will rebut all misleading points raised by the government team. MOTH, In today’s world, Science is vital in ensuring we live a healthy life. It has major health benefits because as we have the knowledge about the treatments of certain illness and cures are discovered, many lives can be saved. MOTH, If we support Science, we can get the benefits from it. Our lives will be much better because we will be able to find the cures and preventions to diseases. We need to have the knowledge in medical aspect so that all fatal diseases can be cured and prevented. Not only that, by supporting science, we will be able to create better health and medical facilities. We will be able to use drugs that prevent diseases rather than merely treating symptoms and we will have body monitors that warn of impending trouble. MOTH, Can you bear the pain of suffering from diseases such as cancer and heart attack all your lives just because you oppose to Science? Through science, we can have modern medicine to relieve suffering even for babies. With science also we can detect diseases in early stage even during pregnancies. In genetic screening, for example, we can monitor the development of embryos to get high quality and healthy babies. If there is any disability or defects, it can be treated in early stage. As we know, embryos might have disabilities that would kill them as newborn babies. If properly treated these people may well live to enjoy healthy lives. If we oppose science, we are actually not helping the babies to be better adults in terms of their health. Not only that. Science helps in improving health condition of human beings because of any accidents or tragedy. With science, we are able to help people who are blind to see the lights and all wonderful things on earth and people who cannot walk to be able to walk again. Isn’t it a miracle? Do you think we will be able to do so without the help of science? I don’t think so my dear government team. MOTH, I am sure i have said enough to convince you that science is not a threat but is actually a bless to humanity. The health benefits that we receive from them are so great that we are able to enjoy life to the fullest and no more worries of critical diseases. So MOTH, once again i restate our stand that we totally disagree with the motion today that says â€Å"Science is a threat to humanity’ as it should be ‘Science is a bless to humanity’. With that i beg to differ. Thank you. SCIENCE IS A THREAT TO HUMANITY 2ND- OPPOSITION Thank you madam speaker. Assalamualaikum and a very good morning to the wise and honourable adjudicators, the punctual timekeeper, my fellow teammates, not forgetting the misleading government team and members of the house. As the second speaker, it is my duty to rebut the arguments given by the second minister of the government team. Her/His argument was _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ But i disagree because ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Then he/she also claimed that ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Then, the Prime Minister claims that ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Which i don’t agree because ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ MOTH, My first argument is about how science helps in improving the quality of life. As humans, we cannot deny that we need science – the knowledge to make our lives easier. You must remember, without science, you will not know how to get clothes, to build a house or to cook food. The contribution of science can be seen in our everyday lives. Can we think about a life without electricity, cars, telephone, internet, television and thousands of scientific inventions that make our life comfortable? The application of science is indeed a great help in people’s every day routine. For example, people use their refrigerator to keep their food chilled and fresh longer. People use cars, buses and other vehicles the transport themselves from one place to another. They use air conditioners and heaters to help maintain temperature. As we can see, every aspect of life is dependent on science and its application to improve the quality of life. MOTH, We cannot say no to science for all the contributions it brings. With science, we can get latest knowledge and find more discoveries to improve our quality of life. With science also we can get new technology to develop our nation and boost our economy. When our country is developed, only then we can compete with other countries or at least be equal with other countries in terms of social, politics and economy. If we are against science, of course we will be left behind. MOTH, The discoveries in genetically modified food have helped to reduce famine and hunger. In agriculture, the genetics of food are improved to produce bigger fruits which provide more nutrients to all people. This is certainly a great achievement in the field of science where it as able to help the poor countries to fight the problem of hunger among their people. MOTH, Now let’s move on to my second argument that is Science helps to improve communication. Years after years we can see advancement in the communication sector where people on opposite sides of the world are able to stay in touch where before, they would have no possible way to do so, thanks to Science and its application. Today, distance will not be an issue because we can communicate and exchange ideas with people around the world in just a moment. This helps to strengthen the relationship among people. As we all know, the internet keeps us connected. We even can change our ways in solving problems easier and faster through the internet. It also makes our job run fast and more effective. Even entrepreneurs use this medium to do their transactions. The development in many industries right now also is actually because of science and the application of science. There is no barrier to market products and we can compete with other develop countries, thanks again to the miracle of science. MOTH, Do you still remember the 6th Challenge of our Vision 2020? , the challenge of establishing a scientific and progressive society, a society that is innovative and forward looking, one that is not only a consumer of technology but also a contributor to the scientific and technological civilization of the future. Our vision 2020 will not be a reality if we say no to Science. MOTH, How to cite Science Is a Threat to Humanity, Papers

Low Carbon Cooling in Tropical and Semi-Tropical Climates

Question: Describe The Low Carbon Cooling in Tropical and Semi-Tropical Climates? Answer: Introduction The global warning is an alarming issue in present days. The increment in the global temperature created an excessive temperature increment in the tropical and the semi-tropical regions. This increment in the temperature has increased the use of the conventional cooling system in these regions. This has increased the carbon emission from the conventional cooling systems that is creating an adverse effect on the global environment (LuÃÅ'ˆbken, 2013). Most of the global countries are trying to reduce the carbon emission from the conventional cooling system through implementing a passive cooling system in the buildings. Recently QGBC- Qatar Green Blinding Council and the SIJ- Solar Institute Julich have shaken the hands to create an environment friendly sustainable housing project (Qf.org.qa, 2014). The Qatar government cleared their intention to implement the environment friendly passive cooling through taking decision in implementing the passive cooling through solar cooling systems in all the stadiums for the world cup (Marsh, 2014). Therefore, throughout this report the analysis of the available passive cooling methods will be discussed in accordance with the cost and the effectiveness of the methods for the home and industrial purpose. 1.0 Current Issues Figure 1: The High Temperature Zone (Source: Sciencedirect.com, 2014) The tropical and the semi-tropical region geographically positioned within the cancer 2327N to the Capricorn 2327S (Sciencedirect.com, 2014). The regional temperature in this area is much higher than the other areas across the globe. According to the study by Chaussinand (2014) the average temperature difference ranges within 10 C 15 C. Therefore, the use of the conventional cooling system is very much wide in this section. The emerging economic condition has increased the construction of the individual and the industrial building in these areas especially in India, Singapore, Malaysia and Qatar Li et al. (2013). This economic growth has increased the use of the cooling system within this region. This increment in the conventional cooling system increased the demand of the power generation. The cumulative effect of these two has increased the higher carbon emission in the environment. This higher carbon emission has worked as a catalyst for the warming of the temperature in these areas (Fang, 2014). In Qatar according to the study by Suljic (2014) the power consumption has increased by approximately 9.30%. However, according to the majority portion of this higher incremental demand has come from the higher installation of the conventional cooling system. According to the study by Biswas (2014) clearly demonstrated that the structure and the materials used for the development of a building majorly increases the inside temperature. This study has also showed that the faulty design and the selection of the wrong material contributed in the 70% growth of the internal temperature. Therefore, the main issue is that to deliver such a design that will help the houses to decrease the inside temperature and this decrement in the temperature will slow down the use of the conventional cooling systems in the houses. 2.0 Passive Cooling Figure 2: Passive Cooling Methods for Energy Efficient Buildings (Source: Sciencedirect.com, 2014) The concept of the passive cooling says that, it is a preventive measure that will help in the overheating of the interior sections inside the building. According to Liu et al. (2013) the passive cooling strategy involves a three step cover up in the structural aspect of the building. These three aspects are: 1. A mechanism should be developed so that the inside temperature does not increase. In doing this, the measures that can be taken are solar shading of the roof, use of the reflective elements in the construction of the building and use of color that helps in reducing the generation of the heat. 2. The structure should be constructed that it remains able to keep the balance within the heat generation and heat emission for the building. In doing this, the structure should provide ample space for the airflow and incoming of the sunlight during the daytime. 3. The implementation of the air infiltration mechanism to reduce the interior heat generation. To achieve this energy efficient material should be used and should use such interior color that reduces the heat generation (Ni and Zhao,2013). 3.0 Different available designs According to S.K. Ng et al. (2013) the most acclaimed and the most practical designs that are available recently are the: 1. ZCB- Zero carbon building 2. ZEB- Zero energy building However, in recent days a hybrid system has been developed that uses the renewable energy to run the cooling systems installed in the building. However, according to Gholami et al. (2014) the development of the captive house has larger potential to implement the passive cooling but the implementation cost is very high. In UK and USA the implementation of the ZCB and ZEB, based building has evolved very smoothly. However, in Qatar and in the Asian countries the initiative is very low. According to the MoU between the Qatar Green Blinding Council and the Solar Institute Julich will help to implement the lower carbon emission buildings in Qatar (Qf.org.qa, 2014). 4.0 Zero Carbon Building (ZCB) Design Approach Figure 3: The ZCB Design (Sample Only) (Source: Ng et al. 2015) According to Chvez and Melchor (2014) ZCB is the most suitable strategy for the construction of the Zero carbon building. However, according to him the designing of this kind of building is very much complex. The main theme of this construction is to construct such a kind of house that is capable of response to the climate. According to Halirova et al. (2014) the cooling season difference in Qatar and London is very much high and due to it the fundamental designing of this king of building is to block the direct heat coming from the sun and letting the air flow freely within the building. Moreover, it develops a natural ventilation system that keeps the balance between the optimum temperature and the inside heating. The natural ventilation has the ability to reduce the overheating more efficiently than the mechanical ventilation system. Qi et al. (2013) the development of the large open area helps in reducing the temperature very efficiently along with the proper airflow provisions. The south facing design development allows the flow of the air more freely than the other structures. The following figures will demonstrate some of the most widely used airflow maintenance system within the buildings. Figure 4: Open Plan layouts (Source: Yourhome.gov.au, 2014) The open plan layout allows the free flowing of the incoming air through the open space. This free flow of the air helps in reducing the interior heat of the building (Ogunbiyi et al. 2014). If the design is constructed through keeping the side of the building in the southend, the air will be flowed through the windows and will reduce the interior temperature. Figure 5: Convection air Movement (Source: Yourhome.gov.au, 2014) According to Velasco et al. (2014) the convective air movement allows the warm air to gets ventilated through the upper panel where as it allows the cool air to come in through the lower panels. The cool air comes inside the building through the open spaces and it circulates to the upper floor and is ventilated through the upper floor, as it gets warm. The south facing buildings with evaporating cooling options get the most of the benefit from this type of design (Henry and Kato, 2014). Figure 6: Earth coupling cooling mechanism (Source: Yourhome.gov.au, 2014) According to Shari and Soebarto (2014) the earth coupling is the most sustainable solution for the passive cooling of the buildings. Through this mechanism the house, remain able to keep the ground temperature low that helps in cooling of the interior section during the nighttime. However, according to if the shading is done through unstructured way it can exceed the level of comfort in the interior section. The study by Waris et al. (2014) has shown that the ground temperature varies therefore the earth coupling will be very much effective for the country. 4.0.1 ZCB Life cycle Figure 7: Concept of Life Cycle for ZCB (Source: Ng et al. 2015) According to Tsukiyama et al. (2014) the ZCB does not have any standardized framework for the construction or setting benchmark. Therefore, it becomes tough to calculate the life cycle of the ZCB. However, considering the lower use of the conventional cooling system and the other electrical equipments in the daytime the building could have a life cycle of 50 years (Ng et al. 2015). To attain the zero carbon building the owner of the building and the constructor of the building needs to put focus on the development of the renewable energy sources within the premise of the building. On this context, the roof of the building could be used as the source of unconventional power. The installation of the solar panel will help to develop a self-sustainable power resource for the building (Waris et al. 2014). Therefore, through this development the demand for the power extraction from the national grid will be decreased for that building. This will also help to reduce the carbon emission from that building. 4.0.2 Carbon neutrality According to Zhai et al. (2014) the carbon neutrality is the summation of couple of factors. Therefore, the carbon neutrality is: Carbon Neutral= Emission associated with electricity supplied to the building+ Emission reduced through adopting the renewable energy + Emission related with the biodiesel. Therefore, to achieve the zero carbon building the source of the renewable energy should be developed within the premise of the building. In the case of the industrial buildings, it is possible to develop a captive renewable power plant but it becomes very tough for the residential areas. In the residential areas, the implementation of the solar panel will be the best fit (Hu et al. 2014). The bio diesel could be used for the burning propose inside the building. The use of the bio diesel will help to reduce the carbon emission happened due to the burning of the natural gases and other resources. Figure 8: PV and CCHP operation system (Source: Ong, 2014, pp.106) On the other hand, use of the sun reflective glasses and the large windows with proper outside painting and the inside ventilation will reduce the inside temperature. This structure will help to reduce the use of the conventional cooling system. Moreover, the use of the bio-diesel and the renewable energy will generate surpluses in the national grid and that could be used in somewhere else. The captive electricity that will be generated through the solar panels will be used for the electrification of the ground areas and the CCHP will help to reduce the heat generated by the cooling instruments. The surplus energy will be redirected to the CCHP section (Wongvisanupong and Hoonchareon, 2013). 5.0 Zero Energy Building Design At the early design stage, the energy simulation of the whole building can be conducted and it can help in predicting the energy consumption by the ZCB. Then the renewable energy system and building energy system were rebuilt by using the results for the neutralization. The effectiveness of the different design strategy can be evaluated at the design phase and in that phase the energy demand and the loads can be strategically reduced as well. Thus it can help in using the standard cost-benefit analysis for making the decisions regarding the design in architecture and engineering of the design. Here the simulation tool can be used for building the energy simulation. The main inputs that are required are ZCB building designs (building systems and architectural elements) and hourly weather databases. Here the Typical Meteorological Year can be used as well for the determination of the weather years. 5.0.1 Base Design It is evident that the base design of the building is very important in order to make it more energy efficient. In order to make the buildings energy-efficient, it is very important to take into consideration the Building energy Codes (BEC) for the new buildings. The code can implement the designs of best practices for all the building developments in the region. The Overall Thermal transmittance value is regulated by the BEC regulations and it can also provide the guidelines for the use of escalators, lightings, electricity usage, air-conditioning etc. thus the design targets and the baselines are formed for the practitioners by using the regulations. This can also help in achieving the main aims and objectives of the use of ultra-low energy and the baseline performance can be surpassed by such designs of the low energy and ZCB design. In the following diagram the distribution of energy that is predicted for the baseline model is shown. The energy use intensity (EUI) is between 25-350 kWh/m2 for a typical existing building and the BEC is around 157 kWh/m2 for a typical building. Thus it can be said that the energy can be effectively reduced in a building by adopting the BEC requirements. Figure 9: The base design for ZEB (Source: Ng et al. 2015) 5.0.2 Energy performance In the following table, the key parameters of ZCB and the design values has been summarized. As one of the design cases, the energy model was used here. The predicted ZCB and EUI is 45% lower than the compliant baseline building as it is 86 kWh/m2. As a result of intensive application and mixed uses the CIC ZCB is more energy intensive. Thus it can be said that the energy performance of the building structures in the country can be significantly improved by using the specific design. Figure 10: The Energy Analysis (Source: Ng et al. 2015) 5.0.3 Effectiveness Analysis Now the effectiveness of the design can be discussed as well. It is known that the energy simulation can predict the effectiveness of the strategies of energy savings in the active and passive system settings. In the following figure the relative effectiveness can be summarized. The performance and effectiveness of the design can be evaluated through various measures. These are discussed here. Figure 11: Energy Efficiency Level (Source: Ng et al. 2015) Performance of Facade Thermal: It is very important to minimize the envelope loads for lowering the build-up heat. It is calculated that the approximately 163 W/m2 is the value of the peak load cooling but mostly the cooling load is approximately 80 w/m2. Reduction of the Window-to-wall Ratio: It is evident that the solar heat can be gained nearly ten times more through the windows compared to the opaque facades. There can be a dramatic impact of the solar heat gain due to the minimization of the extent of glazing. It is very important to consider the angle of the sun in various times of the day and how it can maximize or minimize the requirement of heat and light at home during those times. It can help in optimizing the benefits and can help in deciding on the position of the windows. Facade Insulation and Envelope Absorptivity: It is important to minimize the heat flow with the help of opaque walls. There are mainly two steps that can help in reducing such effects. First, the flow of heat through the walls can be stopped by adding insulation in the walls. Secondly, the surface temperature can be reduced as wall by reducing the absorption of the faade which can help in reflecting the heat away. Here the absorptivity can reduced below 0.3 by using the glazed finishes and the white walls. Day lighting: The solar penetration of the building can be minimized by maximizing the daylight, if the building is tilted to the North. It can be integrated into the design of the building and it can provide the desirable results. Figure 12:Optimum use of Daylight (Source: Ng et al. 2015) Enveloping Air-Tightness: In a hot and humid climate it is very important that air-tightness is implemented as a disproportional impact can be can be seen for the high humidity. The risk of condensation can be reduced as well with the air tightness. Optimizing Natural Ventilation and Microclimate: The energy load can be reduced by enhanced natural ventilation. In the following diagram, the modeling technique is shown with the help of computational fluid dynamics. It can help in optimizing the natural air flow availability Radiant Cooling: The radiation heat transfer helps in radiant cooling system. The circulated chilled water help in reducing the heat from the circulation and this system is more energy-efficient. Thus the radiant cooling system can help in reducing the use of energy on the design. 5.0.4 Renewable Energy generation The renewable energy needs to be generated on-sight. The landscape and the building energy consumption can be significantly reduced after the application of active and passive design measures for the efficiency of energy. The energy demand needs to be met through the means of renewable energy in order to achieve net zero carbon. A bio-diesel design system can be installed as well in order meet with the requirements of renewable energy. A CCHP energy system can be used as well for the reduction of the electrical energy used for the cooling process. 6.0 Combination System Figure 13: Main components of the CCHP bio diesel generator and the absorption chiller (Source: Qingyuan and Yu, 2014, pp.1728) The main theme is this system is to use the CCHP system and bio fuel as the fuel for the operation. According to Qingyuan and Yu (2014) the use of the bio fuel will help to reduce the carbon emission into the environment. However, the most of the complex situation is the designing of the absorption chiller and the generator. According to Leydecker (2013) while designing the CCHP system, four key considerations are required. The considerations are: 1. Optimization of the operational cost 2. Plant size is short 3. System designed to fulfill the instantaneous cooling demands 4. PV panel position inside the house In the combination system, the water from the chiller helps to absorb the excess heat generated from the cooling system. However, currently the highest capacity of the combination system is the 100 kWe (Cameron and West, 2013). Conclusion The global warming has increased the temperature of the tropical and the semi-tropical regions. This increment in the temperature has increased the demand for the conventional cooling systems. However, due to the excessive use of these conventional cooling system the Carbon emission has increased that affected the environment adversely. Therefore, to maintain the balance between the comfort and the environmental safety the implementation of the ZCB and the ZEB will be much effective for the residential buildings. On the other hand, for the industrial buildings the implementation of the combination system will help to reduce the carbon emission from the cooling system. However, the implementation of the solar panel and the use of the bio diesel will help to reduce the carbon emission largely. On the other hand, while developing the projects through the ZCB and ZEB approaches the cost estimation affordability needs to be taken care of. Otherwise, the project popularity could lows down. On the promotion issue, the government needs to take the initiative through developing separate plans for the companies and customers. Bibliography Books Cameron, C. and West, J. (2013). The Impact of Future CO2 Emission Reduction Targets on U.S. Electric Sector Water Use. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Leydecker, S. (2013). Designing Interior Architecture. Basel: De Gruyter. Li, A., Zhu, Y. and Li, Y. (2013). Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. Dordrecht: Springer. Liu, X., Jiang, Y. and Zhang, T. (2013). Temperature and humidity independent control (THIC) of air-conditioning system. LuÃÅ'ˆbken, F. (2013). Climate and weather of the sun-earth system (CAWSES). Dordrecht: Springer. Ni, M. and Zhao, T. (2013). Solid oxide fuel cells. Cambridge: Royal soc of chemistry. Qi, E., Shen, J. and Dou, R. (2013). The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Berlin: Springer. Voutchkov, N. (2013). Desalination engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill. Watts, A. (2013). Modern Construction Handbook. Berlin: Ambra. Journals Biswas, W. (2014). Carbon footprint and embodied energy consumption assessment of building construction works in Western Australia. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 3(2), pp.179-186. Chaussinand, A. (2014). Straw Bale: An Innovative Sustainable Material in Construction. KEM, 632, pp.69-77. Chvez, J. and Melchor, F. (2014). Application of Combined Passive Cooling and Passive Heating Techniques to Achieve Thermal Comfort in a Hot Dry Climate. Energy Procedia, 57, pp.1669-1676. Fang, Y. (2014). Analysis of the Sustainable Construction Concept of the Vernacular Materials. AMR, 893, pp.694-697. Gholami, A., Ahmadi, M. and Bahrami, M. (2014). A New Analytical Approach for Dynamic Modeling of Passive Multicomponent Cooling Systems. J. Electron. Packag., 136(3), p.031010. Halirova, M., Tymova, P. and PeÃ…â„ ¢inkov, M. (2014). Sustainable Construction in the Conservation Area. AEF, 12, pp.132-136. Henry, M. and Kato, Y. (2014). Sustainable concrete in Asia: Approaches and barriers considering regional context. Construction and Building Materials, 67, pp.399-404. Hu, J., Du, L., Wang, J. and Sun, Q. (2014). Cooling process and mechanical properties design of hot-rolled low carbon high strength microalloyed steel for automotive wheel usage. Materials Design, 53, pp.332-337. Muoz Velasco, P., Morales Ortz, M., Mendvil Gir, M. and Muoz Velasco, L. (2014). Fired clay bricks manufactured by adding wastes as sustainable construction material A review. Construction and Building Materials, 63, pp.97-107. Ogunbiyi, O., Oladapo, A. and Goulding, J. (2014). An empirical study of the impact of lean construction techniques on sustainable construction in the UK. Construction Innovation: Information, Process, Management, 14(1), pp.88-107. Ong, K. (2014). Review of heat pipe heat exchangers for enhanced dehumidification and cooling in air conditioning systems. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies. Qingyuan, Z. and Yu, L. (2014). Potentials of Passive Cooling for Passive Design of Residential Buildings in China. Energy Procedia, 57, pp.1726-1732. Shari, Z. and Soebarto, V. (2014). Investigating sustainable practices in the Malaysian office building developments. Construction Innovation: Information, Process, Management, 14(1), pp.17-37. Tsukiyama, K., Nakada, N., Tsuchiyama, T., Takaki, S. and Tomota, Y. (2014). Effect of Cooling Rate after High Temperature Nitriding on Transformation Microstructure in Low Carbon Steel. AMR, 922, pp.773-778. Waris, M., Shahir Liew, M., Khamidi, M. and Idrus, A. (2014). Criteria for the selection of sustainable onsite construction equipment. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 3(1), pp.96-110. Waris, M., Shahir Liew, M., Khamidi, M. and Idrus, A. (2014). Criteria for the selection of sustainable onsite construction equipment. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 3(1), pp.96-110. Zhai, X., Reed, R. and Mills, A. (2014). Embracing off-site innovation in construction in China to enhance a sustainable built environment in urban housing. International Journal of Construction Management, 14(3), pp.123-133. Websites Marsh, S. (2014). Qatar races to develop solar-powered cooling for World Cup. [online] Uk.reuters.com. Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/04/18/uk-soccer-world-qatar-idUKBRE93H0PC20130418 [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015]. Ng, T., Yau, R., Lam, T. and Cheng, V. (2015). [online] Ijlct.oxfordjournals.org. Available at: https://ijlct.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/10/05/ijlct.ctt067/F1.expansion.html [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015]. Qf.org.qa, (2014). Qatar Foundation | News. [online] Available at: https://www.qf.org.qa/news/qgbc-and-solar-institut-julich [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015]. S.K. Ng, T., M.H. Yau, R., N.T. Lam, T. and S.Y. Cheng, V. (2013). Design and commission a zero-carbon building for hot and humid climate. [online] Oxford Journals. Available at: https://ijlct.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/10/05/ijlct.ctt067.full [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015]. Sciencedirect.com, (2014). Passive cooling techniques through reflective and radiative roofs in tropical houses in Southeast Asia: A literature review. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095263514000399 [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015]. Suljic, V. (2014). Qatars Installed Power Capacity Doubles in 2 Years as Demand Rises. [online] Qewc.com. Available at: https://www.qewc.com/qewc/en/index.php/77-gulf-times/125-qatar-s-installed-power-capacity-doubles-in-2-years-as-demand-rises [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015]. Wongvisanupong, K. and Hoonchareon, N. (2013). Optimal scheduling of hybrid CCHP and PV operation for shopping complex load. 2013 10th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology. [online] Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=arnumber=6559594url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D6559594 [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015]. Yourhome.gov.au, (2014). Passive cooling | YourHome. [online] Available at: https://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/passive-cooling [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015].

Abnormalcies Analysis Essay Example

Abnormalcies Analysis Paper 1. Dr. Baker spends a long clip listening to ( auscultating ) Caleb’s bosom. a. Where on the thoracic surface do you auscultate to the tricuspid. mitral ( bicuspid ) . pneumonic. and aortal valves? Auscultation for the tricuspid valve would be in the left sternal border of the fifth intercostal infinite. The mitral valve sounds are heard over the vertex of the bosom ( 5th intercostal infinite ) in line with the center of the collarbone. Pulmonary valve sounds are auscultated at the 2nd intercostal infinite at the left sternal border. The aortal valve is heard at the 2nd intercostal infinite of the right sternal border. B. Where do you believe would be the best topographic point to auscultate Caleb’s unnatural bosom sound? Explain your reply. The unnatural bosom sounds would best be heard over the tricuspid country – the lower left sternal boundary line. This is the country which overlies the defect. Heart Sounds Case Essay Heart Sounds Case Essay Heart Sounds Case Essay We will write a custom essay sample on Abnormalcies Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Abnormalcies Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Abnormalcies Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2. Caleb has unnatural bosom sounds that tipped the physician off to a job. a. Name the normal sounds of the bosom and bespeak what causes these sounds. The normal sounds of the bosom are â€Å"lub-dup† are caused by the gap and shutting of the bosom valves. The first sound – lub- is from the shutting of the mitral and tricuspid bosom valves. The 2nd sound -dup- is from the closing of the pneumonic and aortal valves. B. In relation to the normal bosom sounds. when would you anticipate to hear the unnatural sound Dr. Baker heard? Explain your reply. A ventricular septal defect is a systolic mutter. The unnatural sounds can be heard during or after the first bosom sound and ends earlier or during the 2nd bosom sound. Abnormalcies Essay Sample 3. The defect in Caleb’s bosom allows blood to blend between the two ventricular Chamberss. a. Due to this defect would you anticipate the blood to travel from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? I would anticipate the blood to travel from the left to the right ventricle. B. Based on your apprehension of blood force per unit area and opposition in the bosom and great vass. explicate your reply to inquiry 3a. In the bosom blood flows from countries of high force per unit area to countries of low force per unit area. Blood usually enters on the right side of the bosom ( deoxygenated ) . is pumped to the lungs and returns to the left side of the bosom ( oxygenated ) which will so be pumped out to the remainder of the organic structure. In Caleb’s instance blood will come in the right side of the bosom. be pumped to the lungs and return to the left side of the bosom. Every clip his bosom beats. some blood is so forced through the VSD back to the right side. It so goes back to the lungs even though it is already oxygenated. so blood that is non oxygenated can’t get O. A lower blood volume so remains in the left ventricle to be pumped out to the remainder of the organic structure. High force per unit area would happen in the lungs due to extra blood being pumped into lung arterias this make bosom and lungs work harder. 4. When an echocardiogram is performed. the technician color-codes oxygenated blood ( ruddy ) and deoxygenated blood ( bluish ) a. In a healthy babe. what colour would the blood be within the right and left ventricles. severally? The right ventricle usually pumps bluish blood because the blood is without O and the left ventricle pumps red blood because the blood has O. B. In Caleb’s bosom. what colour would the blood be within the right and left ventricles. severally? It is both bluish and ruddy in the right ventricle because the already oxygenated blood flows back into the right ventricle and blood in the left ventricle would be ruddy. 5. Caleb’s bosom allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to blend. Based on your cognition of the bosom and the great vass. depict other anatomical abnormalcies that cause the commixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Atrioventricular Canal Defect is an abnormalcy that causes the commixture of blood. There is a hole in centre of bosom where the wall between the upper and lower Chamberss meet. The tricuspid and mitral valves aren’t formed decently and one big valve crosses the defect. The defect Lashkar-e-Taibas oxygen rich blood base on balls to the heart’s right side and mix with deoxygenated blood. so travel back to the lungs. Another abnormalcy is Atrial Septal Defect ( ASD ) . where the walls of the upper Chamberss of the bosom don’t near wholly. doing a left to right motion of blood due to the higher force per unit area. The commixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood may do the right atrium and ventricle to enlarge due to the higher volume of blood. 6. What happens to Caleb’s systemic cardiac end product as a consequence of his ventricular septate defect ( VSD ) ? Explain your reply. Caleb’s systemic cardiac end product will be decreased. His blood will come in the right ventricle be pumped to the lungs. return to the left ventricle and so be shunted back to the right ventricle. This causes more blood to come in the right ventricle. The excess blood so go forthing the right ventricle causes a volume overload to the lungs. Because blood is being shunted back to the right ventricle. there is a lesser volume of oxygenated blood that leaves the bosom to provide the remainder of the organic structure. 7. One of the jobs that worried Tiffaney was that Caleb seemed to be take a breathing excessively hard all the clip. Let’s see how this symptom is related to his bosom defect. a. Describe what would go on to the blood volume and force per unit area come ining the pneumonic circuit as a consequence of his VSD. In VSD the right and left ventricles are working harder. pumping a greater volume of blood than they usually would. Extra blood will go through through the pneumonic arteria into the lungs doing. blood force per unit area to be higher than normal in the blood vass and lungs. B. Describe what would go on to the myocardium of Caleb’s right ventricle as a consequence of his VSD. The right ventricular bosom musculus will inspissate and lose snap over clip. doing the bosom to work harder to efficaciously pump blood the lungs and remainder of the organic structure. 8. Based on the location of Caleb’s defect. what portion of the conductivity system might be at hazard for abnormalcies? It is highly rare that VSD would do a conductivity system defect due to the fact that the two systems are different. different embryological development. yet are in close propinquity to each other. It is possible for the package of His to be displaced. but normally is unaffected. Sometimes a subdivision of the package of His could be on a rim of the VSD. but is still able to work. The lone slippery portion is if surgery is needed. the physician needs to be careful when shuting the defect.

The Effects of Stem Cell Research essays

The Effects of Stem Cell Research essays Stem cell research will have a great effect on the economy and the science world. When describing what stem cells are it can be quite difficult to explain, so I have quoted The National Institutes of Heath: ?Stem cells are cells that have the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells. They are best described in the context of normal human development. Human development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism.? (NIH net). Stem cell research does have many promising aspects to it. In this paper, I will explain the economical aspects of stem cell research and the scientific aspects of stem cell research. One of the aspects that stem cell research could promise is curing many different life-treating diseases. These diseases are the main cause of deaths in the United States. If these disease were eradicated the economy would stimulate dramatically. It is estimated that by curing cancer and eliminating the deaths cause by cancer would generate an economical value worth 47 trillion dollars (Klatz net). Being that cancer is one of the leading causes of death in America, a cure for cancer would save many lives. If these lives were saved then they would still be putting money back into the economy. Thus stimulating the economy and creating more money in the country (Kluger net). Heart disease is another leading cause of death in America. If heart disease was cured it is estimated that it would have an economical value of 48 trillion dollars. Reducing the death rate from heart disease by 20% would be worth around 10 trillion dollars to Americans. That would be worth more than 1 year's U.S. gross domestic product (Klatz net). By developing stem cells scientists can replace damaged tissues such as spinal injures, various diseases, and injures cause by car accident victims. Therapeutic cloning is used ...

Black swan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Black swan - Essay Example The movie was released by Fox searchlight pictures. (IMDb, n.d.). The black swan is a thriller that has actually portrayed the hidden reality of the ballet world. The director of the movie is widely known because of the creative depiction of his imagination. The movie is actually inspired by a popular play; the swan lake by Pyotr IIyich Tchaikovsky. The play is actually about a princess who is changed into a white swan by the curse of a witch; the princess falls in love with the prince but then commits suicide because the prince confesses his love for the black swan. The opening stage of the movie is seen with the ballerina on stage dressed in a white tutu, focused by a bright light whereas everything else seemed to be completely surrounded by darkness. The ballerina is approached by another dancer who moves her in a circular motion. The scene which was filled with serenity is at once transformed in to a scene of horror which gives a sense of control of the dancer over the ballerina. The feathered dancer twists and turns the ballerina in the opposite direction of the camera and then releases her at once leaving her in a state of ecstasy and contentment and then dances away into the far away, abating spotlight. Ever since the beginning of the movie the director clearly indicates the clash of personality between the lead actress and her inability to distinguish the reality from dream. Nina has always wanted to play the lead character in the play and this is what fuels her ambition and passion and this is what drives a person to achieve his dreams. The director has also tried to show to that there always comes a time when one’s personality must be overtaken by the other. The movie has also portrayed ambition through the protagonist of the movie whereby she transforms to another form. The movie has tried to replicate the themes of the swan lake because of

Reading response of the reading Living in a Globalizing World Essay

Reading response of the reading Living in a Globalizing World - Essay Example The people living in United States, gets affected by the affect of globalization on the economy. The positive aspect of the US economy is to generate profit through expansion of industrialization but the adverse aspect is that it leads to the increase in the number of the outsourcing by declining the number local jobs (Crawford and Fogart 1-137). The inequality in sexism, racial prejudice is creating a big chaos in the society and also affecting globalization. With the advent of globalization, few negative aspects such as number of sex trafficking and discrimination of the people on the basis of the race has increased worldwide. s. The institutional racism also gets influenced through globalization due to the integration of the diverse culture. Conversely, many people have adopted orphan children, who belong to different racism for providing them better life (Crawford and Fogart 1-137). The term wealth means the property of an individual, which is earned by the person throughout the life. However, wealth not only provides materialistic happiness but also non-materialistic aspect. Wealth is also the satisfaction, which comes out from the mental peace and happiness. In present scenario, people feel that the people who spend time with their family are happier than any other financially rich person (Crawford and Fogart 1-137). To be an ethical consumer the person needs to adopt the fair trade, which is paid to the worker as workable wages. The role of ethical consumer is to provide support to poor farmer by purchasing food products from them. The customers need to be aware about the money and investment procedures (Crawford and Fogart 1-137). There are some countries are still lacking in its economic nature. The main reason behind this poor situation is inequality in the British colonials. The people who belong to elite class lead different life from that of the poor people. These may lead to

Source Criticism and Narrative Criticism of Genesis Essay

Source Criticism and Narrative Criticism of Genesis - Essay Example Carvalho in her Primer on Biblical Methods (4) cited one source inconsistency in Genesis where in Genesis 6:3, God limits human life to 120 years, but Abraham lives to 175 (Gen 25:17) and Sarah to 127 (Gen 23:1). This inconsistency, however, is not just limited to age but even in the Name of the Supreme Being Himself suggesting that there were different mindsets with a different parallel universe wrote the Genesis. In Genesis 1:12:4b, the Supreme Being was addressed as Elohim whereas in Genesis 2:4b-3:24, the Supreme Being was addressed as YHWH. The same God is called by different names. The contextual placement of the narrative (for narrative criticism) was also different from each other which further suggest that the text came from different perspectives. In Genesis 1:1-2:4b where God was called Elohim, God was characterized as majestic, distant and cosmic and does not interact with man. In Genesis 2:4b-3:24 where God was called YHWH however, God is more personal and interactive as He was walking around the Garden and even talks to people. Narrative criticism is another method to evaluate the contextual integrity of the Bible. Narrative criticism invites the reader to assess the work as a whole and to note its stylistic characteristics which resemble those of other literary works with a beginning, a middle, and an end (Browning). There were basically two narratives of the creation in Genesis which sounds almost the same but close scrutiny of the narrative reveals its inconsistency.  

Urbanism and Architecture Concepts

Urbanism and Architecture Concepts â€Å"Dwelling is the combination of architecture and urbanism† Dwelling, as a place to live, can be a house, a flat, an apartment or other place of residence. It is a place where human spent of most of their time while indoors. The concept of dwelling has been changed over the last hundreds years, in that period, the many dwelling building in different place of the world represent an unique local culture with different interior, exterior, structure, etc. However, in modern days, most of these symbols and architectural styles had already disappeared, dwelling buildings on this planet all blend into one style – Urbanism. It becomes more of an urban spaces, a place offers convenience and rest instead of an art product within its unique architectural style. Remmert Koolhaas was born in 1944 in Rotterdam, one of the greatest modernism architecture in the world. In early years he was a reporter and scriptwriter. After studying architecture between 1968 and 1972 in AASchoolArchitecture, and in Cornell University, with Zaha Hadid, Elia Zenghelis they established OMA. During his architecture life his famous works include Villa of Bordeaux, CCTV Headquarters in Beijing and Seattle Central Library in USA etc. In 2000, He acquired the Pritzker Architecture Price. His works are heavily based on surrealism combined with neoplasticism. Furthermore he adds the unique feature of the environment and society into building’s shape and structure in order to express different ideas and thoughts from human. Villa of Bordeaux is a perfect example showing Rem’s style dwelling, combining urbanism’s convenience and technology and beauties of the architecture. â€Å"Now we are left with a world without urbanism, only architecture, ever more architecture.† In the book â€Å"S, M, L, XL†, â€Å"What ever happened to urbanism†, Rem Koolhaas suggests that â€Å"Now we are left with a world without urbanism, only architecture, ever more architecture.†(S, M, L, XL, Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 967). Of course urbanism still exist today, but the urbanism we have is the one different to what Rem Koolhaas described, it is the one impact by the modernization, it is a failure of urbanism. Nowadays urban expanding so quick with the negative impact from 20th century’s modern movement, in the past decades global economy and financial growth are slowly destroying traditional urban and its quality. This leads to the urban today where city is the form of citizen’s present needs as Rem described as â€Å"Exile to the virtual world†. (S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 967) When architects designing cities, buildings or landscapes, too many things that cannot be controlled. Therefore architectu re is necessary or even essential for new urbanism. Rem suggests several points for the ideal ‘new urbanism’ should â€Å"no longer be concerned with the arrangement†¦ no longer aim for stable configurations†¦ denying boundaries†¦ discovering hybrids†¦reinvention of psychological space†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 969-971). In Bordeaux, an old couple wanted a new house after the husband experienced a car accident and has to spend the rest of his live on the wheelchair. Rem was the designer. Considering husband’s inconvenience, an elevator was added to the house as a representation of the urbanism, and turns into his personal world where he can find the sense belonging. In the villa he made the elevator a movable floor slab. Elevator moves among underground floor, ground floor and relatively enclosed first floor, beside is a wall vertically through the entire building, with all husband’s personal stuff, the arrangement is R.Koolhaas/OMA, Lemoine house, Floirac, near Bordeaux, 1994-98, In collaboration with Ove Arup. Preliminary sketch no longer a concern. While it is moving, this elevator becomes husband’s personal place and an independent space in the building. This becomes a type of urbanism’s â€Å"reinvention of psychological space†, denying boundaries of the floor. To husband’s point of view, the building is no longer separated as three different floors but as one structural space. Furthermore, this villa feature of hybrid of new urbanism by using different sorts of material is different parts of the building. Building was located on the top of the hill, surrounded with peaceful grass land and bush. Therefore the ground floor and first floor was mainly built by glass wall so that person live inside the villa can have the great view of Bordeaux city. Above the glass wall is the bedroom made by concrete, appear as a heavy box floating in the air determining a certain solution for layout of the building and quality of the space. However, glass wall cannot afford the weight of the conc rete slab, Rem use a special structure to solve the problem: A steel portal and a hollow piloti with a large diameter in reinforced concrete, reminiscent of the ones in the project for Agadir. To introduce a further, decisive degree of visual instability. (Roberto Gargiani, 2008, pp. 212). On the top of the concrete piloti is a long shiny stainless steel structure with the large concrete box on one side, on the other side is a large over-hanged concrete block buried in the patio garden, achieving equilibrium and make the top concrete box seems to float even more vividly. This technology is connected with the tradition launched by ledoux with the house pended. The perfect combination and hybrid of glass wall and concrete wall structure again express Rem’s ideal urbanism. The over-hanged concrete block buried in the patio garden. â€Å"Instead of enforcing coexistence, Bigness depends on regimes of freedom, the assembly of maximum difference.† It sounds impossible for an architect or even architects to control a large thing like skyscraper, large landscape or even a city. When the modernized urbanism meets architecture, the problem of the large occurs. â€Å"Beyond a certain scale, architecture acquires the properties of Bigness.† (S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 494-516). Nowadays, between modernizations which is what citizens need and acquire, and architecture which is the art of the building, urbanism choose what citizens need and this is when architecture start to fall. Art and beauty of architecture is useless against urbanism. However, bigness is a solution, â€Å"it is the one architecture that can survive, even exploit†. (S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 494-516). Just like what Rem said, Bigness is the solution or maybe the only solution for urbanism and architecture’s assembly. â€Å"Instead of enforcing coexistence, bigness depends on regimes of freedom, the ass embly of maximum difference.† Suggests Rem’s idea: by using bigness, freedom and large space to combine architecture and urbanism. Evoke the idea of bigness is to offer everyone live under urbanism maximum space, freedom and privacy. There are several uses of the bigness and in Rem’s residential work – villa of Bordeaux, such as elevator. In the theory of bigness: â€Å"The elevator – with its potential to establish mechanical rather than architectural connection.† (S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 494-516). The art of architecture become useless in the large size building. To avoid this Rem turn the traditional elevator into a movable giant floor slab. Instead creating a single room for the husband, this elevator makes the all three floor as a space for husband, remain the technology of bigness and the ‘art’ of architecture at the same time. The R.Koolhaas/OMA, villa Lemoine, Floirac, near Bordeaux, 1994-98, in collaboration with Ove Arup. Elevator-living room with the mobile platform. elevator can move from opening public living room to private bedroom, gives him enough space but at the same time – regimes of freedom. Another example is the Glass wall under the concrete box bedroom. With a brief look from outside, the building looks like typical modernised urbanism type house. However the comparison of the top concrete close up type bed room and opening ground floor with glass wall surrounded represent the assemble of two different concepts and ideas. This villa has more than 400 metre square land and three floors. The large space combined with glass wall enlarge the sense of freedom and â€Å"The seeming failure of the urban offers an exceptional opportunity† Modernization heavily impact on urbanism on the negative side. Within globalization in urbanism, dwelling building all over the world are becoming more and more similar, some unique feature are decreasing. More buildings share same structure, same shape and same style. These took the original ‘urbanism’ away from the city, instead, urban become a solemn place full of steel framed building. This is the where Rem Koolhaas pointed out that â€Å"In a landscape of increasing expediency and impermanence, urbanism no longer is or has to be the most solemn of our decision; urbanism can be lighten up, become a Gay Science – Lite Urbanism.† (S, M, L, XL Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, 1995, pp. 961-971). In modern days, under the fail urbanism, the new environment of urban is no longer a series place for living but a place where people can find themselves belong to, a place that not only bring them convenience and comfort, but also a simple place where they find enjoy to s tay, where they can find happiness and care. R.Koolhaas/OMA, villa Lemoine, Flo-rac, near Bordeaux, 1994-98, in col-aboration with Ove Arup .Intermediate upper-level plans;cross section In that case, Villa of Bordeaux can be the representation of ‘Lite urbanism’, building itself was a product of urbanism, offer people who live inside a place to rest, elevator offer husband who has to spent his life on wheel chair convenience, On the wall of the floating box, several holes with different height enable people at different level to look at the view outside. Furthermore about urbanism, house was locate on the top of the hill surrounded with no other building but quite grass land and bushes, different from the normal dwelling building locate in the city. Evokes an idea of the owner of the building who wants to take root of this place and live in seclusion. Without the crowd and noise, villa of Bordeaux becomes a representation of â€Å"Lite Urbanism†. Although the failure of the urbanism brings negative effects to cities, still Rem Koolhaas treats it as an opportunity at the same time and he designed lots of amazing architectural buildings such as Vil la of Bordeaux. Rem Koolhaas, 1996. Rem Koolhaas: Conversations with Students (Architecture at Rice). 1 Edition. Princeton Architectural Press. Roberto Gargiani, 2008. Rem Koolhaas/OMA (Essays in Architecture). 1 Edition. Rouledge http://wp.architecture.com.au/venicebiennale/venice-events/

Paleolithic Art Essay -- Essays Papers

Paleolithic Art Paleolithic art, dating back to the late Paleolithic period 40,000-10,000 B.C. (the Stone Age), is one of the most beautiful, natural periods of cave art and clay sculptures. Created by Nomadic hunters and gatherers with ivory, wood, and bone, these figures were thought to be symbolic and have some magical or ritual relevance. Figures and drawings have been found in all parts of the world dating back to the Cro-Magnon man as late as 60,000 years ago. There are two different periods of overlapping periods. The first, dating between 14,000-13,500 B.C., is the Aurignacio-Perigordian. This period included the contents of the Lauscaux cave paintings, the many sculptures at Laussel, and the voluptuous feminine figures called Venuses (Columbia Press, 1). The second, named the Solutres-Magdalenian period, dating back to 14,000-9,500 B.C., includes murals of Rouffignac and Niaux, and the ceiling decors in Spain (Columbia Press, 1). Paleolithic art falls into two distinct categories: portable pieces and cave art. Portable art was carved from bone, stone, or modeled from clay. Most has been found in Europe, Africa, and Siberia (Encarta, 1). The cave art comprised mostly of drawings and paintings recovered in mostly Spain and France (Versaware, 1). A possible third art category is mentionable also. Rock art is comprised of carvings and drawings on rock surfaces, but little of this art has been discovered (Encarta, 1). This form of art has founded many of today’s drawings, languages, and cultures. The first discovery was in the 1860’s by French Paleontologist, Eduard Lartet. The decorations were estimated back to the Stone Age because of the use of Ice Age animal bones. Researchers soon were digging everywhere in search of objects, ignoring cave drawings (Encarta, 1). In the 1880’s, a landowner discovered a cave in Spain filled with art and structural objects. Hiding it at first, researchers revealed it to the world that helped people learn to accept cave art for what it really was, an art. Many sites were uncovered shortly after, dating back to over 32,000 years (Versaware, 1). Since 1981, archeologists have also found art outside of the caves such as engravings of humans, horses, and cattle, which were about 20,000 years old. Paleolithic findings, if surviving erosion, are now becoming more common throughout the world (Columbia, 1). .. ...ed spray paint, which was blown either out of a tube or out of their mouths (Versaware, 1). Because they had none of the advantages that we have today, their creations, which was more difficult to fully complete, can be considered a precious, unique works of art. To be sure that these items are genuinely prehistoric, radiocarbon dating was used (Encarta, 4). Scientists can determine the true age from only a tiny amount of pigment in the paint. One of the oldest, found in Europe and Asia, was carved in ivory and dates back to about 32,000 years. Another, discovered in England in 1996, was found to be about 60,000 years old (Columbia, 1)! Few endure erosion, but the survivors make excellent timelines of the era’s that remain unclear to researchers. This beautiful Stone Age present to our time suggests that art was visible and practiced from close to the beginning of time. The decorated caves and figures have helped us learn of other cultures and their distinctive expressions of life-forms. Still indistinct about the main purpose of this creative art form, archaeologists continue to dig and discover new pieces that may add to the picture and help to solve this ongoing puzzle.