The Rail Center of the Nation :: American History

The Rail Center of the Nation (It got a 98% in AP US-History) The nation network of railroads laid from 1848 through the Civil War, and the steam powered locomotives that traversed them, supplied Chicago with vast new markets, resources, and people who quickly transformed it from a quiet Frontier village into a highly populated industrial powerhouse. The Chicago of 1830 was hardly a city at all. Fort Dearborn located near the fork of what is now the Chicago River was bogged down with mud and tormented by disease and Indian wars. By the 1833 when the city was incorporated, a warehouse, dry good's store, and hotel had all been built. William B. Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago was also the first to attempt to give Chicago a railroad. He chartered the Galena and Chicago Railroad in 1836, but it collapsed with the economic disaster of 1837 (Berger 3). Ogden tried again in 1846, and on October 22, 1848 Chicago's first locomotive, "Pioneer", was loaded onto the tracks (Casey, Douglas 59). In retrospect, "Pioneer" turned out to be a fitting name for the city's first train, because by 1866 there were more than forty railroads serving Chicago and the city's population had skyrocketed to just under 300,000. There were many problems that needed to be resolved starting in the 1830s, before a railroad could become a versatile enough to be a cost effective carrier of freight and people. The nation's original tracks had been built mainly of wood, although cheaper than iron, it was quickly decided that iron's durability was well worth the extra cost. Another development was the placement of ballas, or pebbles, that covered the bottom of the tracks and added weight and stability along with drainage to the tracks. Also, the trains were known to collide head on into grazing animals. The problem lay in how to keep the animal from being pulled under the train and causing it to derail. This answer came with the placement of a hood plate on the front of the locomotive so that whatever hit the train would be pushed harmlessly in front of it and could later be cleared without endangering the train. Other major safety issues found solutions with the utilization of lights and horns (Gordon 27-33). By 1848, when Chicago was ready to start building railroads, the technology had already been developed enough to conduct real business. Charters for railroads leading to Chicago soon began to pour in. After the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad was completed shortly after

Was Egyptian Medicine a Huge Leap Forward?

Medicine in Prehistoric times and medicine in Egyptian times have shown similarities. For example trephining was still used as a treatment, even though it was not really very helpful. There was still the belief in supernatural forces being the cause for someone being unwell, despite the fact that it was not true. They both also used charms which have no effect, yet they believed it would have effect towards the supernatural forces. There was also the fact that during these two time periods there never were any anatomies to gain insight on how the whole human body works. They both used herbs which do work if used correctly. However there were also quite a few steps forward of development in Egyptian medicine as they did have the embalming process which involved somewhat dissecting the body if only to remove the organs and not a full scale anatomy however they were closer to the truth with the ‘channel theory’ as we do have veins, arteries and capillaries that have similar qualities to channels. They also were more developed in civilisation as they believed in a hierarchy where doctors existed, meaning that there were people specifically trained in medicine with medical books; they would pass knowledge through writing which would preserve over time to help new doctors and they would also comment on the effectiveness of the treatment itself, helping the doctor to decide the best treatment for their patient. They were also more developed as they had trade which would mean resources unavailable in Egypt could be brought from other countries to their own if they were in need of certain herbs for medicine. They could also exchange knowledge and treatments with other countries to gain more insight into effective medicine and ineffective medicine. Despite a few similarities in Egyptian and Prehistoric medicine I do believe that the Egyptian’s did provide an important step forward in the development of medicine as they had not only come up with a fairly accurate theory for how the human body worked which would lead away from supernatural causes to some extent as it offered more logical reasons why. This was discovered during mummification which was a process that was closer to the anatomy we still do today which does teach a lot about the body and how it works. Their preservation techniques for medicine were also really important as they would serve as guides and mean that any tested and proven theories and recipes could then be used by others as education and treatments, which is similar to today also.

Assignment On Information Security Threats - 1390 Words

ASSIGNMENT ON INFORMATION SECURITY A ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED TO ATMC UNIVERSITY IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING ITECH3215 MINOR ASSIGNMENT OF THREAT PROFILING SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: LECTURER: GOPI AKELLA KAPIL SINGH [30305185] 1. ABSTRACT Information security threats can mainly originate from two primary sources such as, nature and humans. Security vulnerability actually is not the attack, but rather the weak point that is exploited. Most of the organizations take help of TCP/IP utilities to run programs, transfer the information†¦show more content†¦Mainly, there are three basic concepts important to information on the internet are like confidentiality, availability, and integrity. This overall concepts relating to the people who use that information are authentication, authorization and no repudiation. Security system is just better solution of different problems regarding the important data. If talk about confidentiality, it is a very important attribute. For Example it includes data research, records of medical, and investment strategies. When information is modified in unexpected ways then output is also known as loss of Integrity. In case of Availability, when information can be erased then resulting is also called loss of availability. Figure 1.1 Information security 2. THREAT A threat may be defined as something that may or may not happen, but it has fully potential cause serious damage. It can step up to attacks on computer systems, network and more things belong to the system. A threat has been defined to be any menace like as, nature and extent as to unsettle the mind of person who is operated to it. There is various type of threat in information security system for example, direct, indirect, veiled threat, as well as conditional and many more. 2.1 NAME AND DESCRIPTION OF THE THREAT The selected threat is back off point-of-sale malware. Suppose if you’re business purchases hardware or some other supplies from a retailer.Show MoreRelatedSecurity and Graded Assignment Requirements1285 Words   |  6 PagesGraded Assignments STUDENT COPY    The following sections contain student copies of the assignments. These must be distributed to students prior to the due dates for the assignments. Online students will have access to these documents in PDF format, which will be available for downloading at any time during the course. NT2580 Introduction to Information Security STUDENT COPY: Graded Assignment Requirements Graded Assignment Requirements    Assignment Requirements documents providedRead MoreTaklang Sampelut1423 Words   |  6 PagesUnit Plans Unit 1: Information Systems Security Fundamentals Learning Objective ï‚ § Explain the concepts of information systems security (ISS) as applied to an IT infrastructure. Key Concepts ï‚ § Confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) concepts ï‚ § Layered security solutions implemented for the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure ï‚ § Common threats for each of the seven domains ï‚ § IT security policy framework ï‚ § Impact of data classification standardRead MoreEssay Risk Management in Information Technology Security795 Words   |  4 PagesIS3110 Risk Management in Information Technology Security STUDENT COPY: Graded Assignments  © ITT Educational Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -73- Change Date: 05/25/2011 Unit 1 Assignment 1: Application of Risk Management Techniques Learning Objectives and Outcomes You will be able to identify different risk management techniques for the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure and apply them under different situations. Assignment Requirements Introduction: As discussed in thisRead MoreSec 440 Course Success Begins / Snaptutorial.Com Essay646 Words   |  3 Pagesvisit www.snaptutorial.com SEC 440 Week 1 Organizational Information Security System Analysis SEC 440 Week 2 Threat Assessment SEC 440 Week 3 Hacker and Target Response SEC 440 Week 4 Information Security Policy Powerpoint SEC 440 Week 4 Information Security Policy Paper SEC 440 Week 5 Information System Security Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- SEC 440 Week 1 Organizational Information Security System Analysis For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Read MoreComputer Security and Educational Services1081 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 5 Assignment 1: Testing and Monitoring Security Controls Learning Objectives and Outcomes ï‚ § You will learn to recognize security events and baseline anomalies that might indicate suspicious activity. ï‚ § You will learn to identify policy violations and security breaches and to appropriately monitor threats and control activity across the network. Assignment Requirements Refer to the handout Testing and Monitoring Security Controls. It contains information on security events or breaches andRead MoreAssignment : Designing Technical Safeguards1050 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 1: Designing FERPA Technical Safeguards Darryl W. Anderson CIS 349 January 15, 2017 In the past, academic and administrative computer systems were isolated, either for security reasons or as a result of limited interconnectivity with other computers. Today, nearly any information that an administrator, teacher, student or parent might is available through a network connection. Course lectures are presented are viewed and students submit their assignments via the internetRead MoreCis 560-Security Access Control Strategies Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesCIS 560-Security Access Control Strategies https://homeworklance.com/downloads/cis-560-security-access-control-strategies/ CIS 560-Security Access Control Strategies CIS 560 Week 3 Assignment 1: Access Restrictions In a business environment, controlling who has access to business information and at what level is critical for facilitating day-to-day business operations. There are three levels of information access: no access, read access, and read-write access. Use a business of yourRead MoreImplementing A Company s Security Plan Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pages Weekly Assignment- Security Jean Robert Robillard BUSN624: Principles of E-Commerce APUS Professor: Alex Lazio 11/27/16 Weekly Assignment-Security 1. Identify and describe the five main steps in establishing a company’s security plan? The IT department of e-commerce firms must have a security plan to protect the technologies and assess the risks. Laudon and Traver identify five steps in establishing and assessing the company’s security plan. The followings are the steps: risk assessmentRead MoreInformation Security Plan Survey Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesInformation Security Program Survey As a new graduate of UMUC’s cybersecurity program, you have decided to apply in a competitive selection process to a joint federal-state government sponsored cybersecurity training program for new graduates (apprentices). As part of your application package, you must submit an essay (narrative) containing a written analysis of an information security program. You can use the worksheet to help organize your information. The application package provides you withRead MoreOrganisational Information Assets1701 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment – Part A Question 1: Identify and discuss the factors that are contributing to the increasing vulnerability of organisational information assets. (~250 Words) There are many factors that are contributing to the increasing vulnerability of the organisational information assets, it includes both internal and external, can be made by human (intentional or unintentional) or technical, and don’t overlook the environment (Whitman 2003, p.92). Nowadays, as the information system growing,

Essay Raymond Chandlers Writing Techniques in The Big Sleep

Raymond Chandlers Writing Techniques in The Big Sleep I sat at my desk, wondering what I could possibly write about The Big Sleep. I mean, there are so many possibilities. This guy, Raymond Chandlers writing style is so different from anything I have ever read before, that there are many things that I could talk about. I heard that Chandler once said, I live for syntax! It does not surprise me that he would say something along those lines. I mean, this writer is all over the page with different writing techniques. Whether it is his use of similes or the lack of punctuation, Chandlers novel is easy to read, process and enjoy. I wouldnt say that this book requires an in-depth reading to understand the†¦show more content†¦In places that he could use a dash, the reader will see a comma. This is a strange style because it makes the reader think that he did not know how to use the other kinds of punctuation so he just stuck to the comma. I think that Chandler was a bit comma happy because every paragraph, consisting of about six sentences on average, probably has six or seven commas at least-thats a lot for one small paragraph! Small paragraphs are also a characteristic of Chandlers style. Not including the conversational paragraphs, I would say that Chandlers average paragraph was six sentences. The sentences say what they say; they are not long-winded, layered sentences, but quick and to the point sentences. The words in the sentences are not by any means elaborate either. It might take longer to find a word with more than two syllables than a colon! This technique is very effective to let the reader follow the plot easier; the words are not ones that an average intellectual person would stumble over. Possibly the most famous of Chandlers techniques is his use of similes. The man must eat, sleep and breathe similes because they are everywhere! If the reader were to open the book to any page, most likely there will be a simile on it. For instance, randomly opening my copy of The Big Sleep, I turn to page 81 and find this: People who spend their money for second-hand sex jags are as nervous as dowagers who cant find the restroom (81).Show MoreRelatedThe Crime On Cote Des Neiges By David Montrose952 Words   |  4 PagesSark’s wallet up to the Island in the Laurentians. We know that Teed is following a lead he found at the first crime scene because Montrose has given us that bit of information. When comparing Montrose’s work to that of Raymond Chandler’s novel and the film adaptation, The Big Sleep we can see that the narration of detective Philip Marlowe is not very telling of where the story is to go or any insight into the detectives mind. Almost as if C handler deliberately left out those clues due to the fastRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 Pagestercets linked by common rhymes: ABA BCB CDC etc. Dante pioneered terza rima in The Divine Comedy. The form is hard to maintain in English, although there are some notable exceptions, such as Percy Bysshe Shelley’s â€Å"Ode to the West Wind.† Other Techniques Punctuation: Like syllable stresses and rhyme, punctuation marks influence the musicality of a line of poetry. * When there is a break at the end of a line denoted by a comma, period, semicolon, or other punctuation mark, that line is end-stopped

Philosophy is Important Essay - 2662 Words

Philosophy is Important Philosophy is an important subject, because it helps us understand three big questions; â€Å"why are we here†, â€Å"what do we do†, and â€Å"how do we treat each other†. These are important questions to answer because without them we may end up in a situation much like the Taliban is in right now. Complete chaos created from confusion about those three big questions. These questions are left in a general sense because there are many different ways to look at them. After all we have many different people with many different ideas and so to come to a more concise understanding of such important topics we need everyone’s viewpoint. This is the purpose of something philosophers call â€Å"The great conversation†. For example: Think†¦show more content†¦How would you react? Would you believe them? This was Plato’s way of getting people to explore what they didn’t know existed. To question things in life instead of merely accepti ng what they were told was the truth. To get people to explore the outside world, so they don’t become a â€Å"prisoner of ignorance† forced to live a life based on what they are told and not what they experience for themselves. Questioning, and exploring what’s around you and how it affects you is part of getting a more complete answer to those three big questions, which is the task of philosophy. But how does one know what to explore? I mean the world is a huge place and one person can’t possibly explore everything, how do you know where to start? This is where the â€Å"Three Divisions of Knowledge† come into play. Philosophers divided knowledge into three groups: Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and Humanities. Each focuses on â€Å"disciplines† and questions. A discipline is a branch of knowledge or teaching. Basically each â€Å"division of knowledge† helps explain certain disciplines for example: The Humanities group focuses on questions like â€Å"why are we here†, â€Å"what is worth doing†, â€Å"how should we treat each other†, and â€Å"what should we do†. And helps explain: literature, art theology, history, music and more. Some raging Humanity debates of the past have included: Existence of god? Post modernity v. enlightenment, and â€Å"what is the purposeShow MoreRelatedWho Is The Most Important Philosophy?1094 Words   |  5 PagesPerspective is everything. Before I die I want to leave you with what I believe is the most important philosophy in life. I’ ve learned a lot throughout my many years, and wish I had known what I know now, when I was younger. We dictate our own lives. We get to choose how we want to interpret the curve balls life throws at us. As humans, most of us are on the pursuit of happiness. It is believed that it’s human nature to want to be happy, but this is a very vague statement. For some people, beingRead MoreThird Breaking Down His Most Important Philosophies1097 Words   |  5 PagesMichael Diaz Professor Keedy April 17, 2015 Core Comp. II Discovery Draft Part 2 Third-Breaking down his most important philosophies: I. Present and explain in depth the each of the following: A. How he came up with such ideas. B. Provide example/ apply to life: 1. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 2. Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science 3. Critique of Practical Reason 4. Critique of the Power of Judgment 5. Critique of Pure Reason a. Knowledge b. Metaphysics Topic: CritiqueRead MoreSocrates: One of the Most Important Figures in Western Philosophy1252 Words   |  6 Pagesvolunteered to be a soldier in the Peloponnesian War. After his retirement of the army, most of his time and energy in his adult life was spent in pursuing wisdom. Plato was Socrates’ most famous student because of his devotion that he had with philosophy. â€Å"Philosophy, the love of wisdom, was for Socrates itself a sacred path, a holy quest -- not a game to be taken lightly. He believed -- or at least said he did in the dialog Meno -- in the reincarnation of an eternal soul, which contained all knowledgeRead MoreEssentialism is an educational philosophy in which it is important to â€Å"promote and instill cultural600 Words   |  3 PagesEssentialism is an educational philosophy in which it is important to â€Å"promote and instill cultural literacy in all students† (Morrison, 2009, p.338). Teachers only teach the basic skills that they think are necessary for educational and cultural growth. I noticed several things throughout my experience with the school system which leads me to suggest that our school system is based on the philosophy of essentialism. Essentialists believe that a curriculum that develops cultural literacy and basicRead MoreSt. Augustines important philosophical contributions to defend the philosophy of Christianity.1709 Words   |  7 PagesSt. Augustine made some very important philosophical contributions to defend the philosophy of Christianity. One of these contributions concerned the philosophical problem of evil. Up until St. Augustines time, philosophers questioned the idea proposed by Christians that evil generated in a world created by a perfectly good God. The problem is easy enough to understand, yet slightly more complicated to solve. St. Augustine raised some fairly good propositions to offer an explanation for this questionRead MoreMy Classroom Philosophy : Teaching Children Behaviors That May Be An Important Part Of The Lesson Plan1705 Words   |  7 PagesMy classroom philosophy is to give children opportunities to use knowledge that is taught in learni ng activities. Teaching children behaviors that result in success that can be established and used throughout their lifetime. Being flexible but firm when implementing rules into a classroom is important to see what will work with students, and adjusting when necessary. Knowing each and every student personally so they feel safe and comfortable is important to my classroom management. Encouraging everyRead MoreWhy Philosophy, Sociology, and Psychology of Education Play an Important role in the Development of Youngs Abilities, Knowledge, and Personality632 Words   |  2 Pagescan develop human being to gain the ability, knowledge, and personality. Thus, the study in foundation of education context provides three significant roles such as philosophy, sociology, and psychology of education. The philosophy of education studies the aims, forms, methods, and results of acquiring knowledge. Beside these, philosophy of education applies to the process and a field of study. The sociology o f education is the study of educational structures, processes, and practices from a sociologicalRead More The Importance of Philosophy Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Philosophy The question is Philosophy. Why is it important? What makes it important? To answer theses questions you first have to know what philosophy is. Philosophy is defined as: the pursuit of wisdom; a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means. This is the written definition of philosophy, but I think philosophy can’t be defined to just words. It’s more then words. Philosophy to me is an attempt to understandRead MoreNursing: Providing The Best Possible Care For Patients1457 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Nursing Philosophy Nursing has developed from its original roots, to become a personal philosophy to those who practice it. This paper describes my personal philosophy of nursing that I plan to practice in my own personal career. I believe that nursing is founded on the principles of it being a helping process with a focus on interpersonal relationships between a nurse and someone else. Nursing not only involves treating an illness, but it also provides quality patient-centered care. MyRead MoreEducation Philosophy and Rationale1846 Words   |  7 PagesEducation Philosophy and Rationale Every instructor or a teacher has a certain ideology that he or she follows throughout the teaching careers which underpins everything. These ideology or philosophy is based on our assumptions about our definition of learning and our views on the nature of mankind, the purpose of education, the nature of the curriculum, the role of the teacher and the learner, and the nature of the instructional process. Similarly, I had a certain philosophy which focuses on introduces

Science Is a Threat to Humanity Free Essays

SCIENCE IS A THREAT TO HUMANITY 1ST – OPPOSITION Thank you my dear madam speaker. Assalamualaikum and a very good day to the wise and honourable adjudicators, the alert and punctual time keeper, my fellow teammates, the misleading government team and MOTH. Before i start, i would like to refute the definition given by the government team. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Is a Threat to Humanity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, it is my duty to define the key words of today’s motion. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, science means knowledge about the world, especially based on examination and testing, and on facts that can be proved. Threat means someone or something that is regarded as a possible danger. Lastly, humanity means the state of being human and having qualities and rights that all people have. So, the full definition of today’s motion is knowledge about the world, especially based on examination and testing and on facts that can be proved is a possible danger to qualities and rights of all people. Now, please allow me to rebut the point given by the Prime Minister. He/She claims said that ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ But that is not true because ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Before i go on with my arguments, i would like to stress that my team mates and i are totally disagree with the motion today that says ‘Science is a threat to Humanity’ and would like to switch this motion to ‘Science is a bless to humanity’ which means knowledge about the world, especially based on examination and testing and on facts that can be proved makes people happy and satisfied in terms of qualities and rights of all people. Now, please allow me to introduce my team mates. I as the first speaker will talk about Science gives major health benefits while my second speaker will further strengthen our team’s stand on this motion by talking about Science helps in improving qualities of life and Science improve communication. Last but not least, my third speaker will rebut all misleading points raised by the government team. MOTH, In today’s world, Science is vital in ensuring we live a healthy life. It has major health benefits because as we have the knowledge about the treatments of certain illness and cures are discovered, many lives can be saved. MOTH, If we support Science, we can get the benefits from it. Our lives will be much better because we will be able to find the cures and preventions to diseases. We need to have the knowledge in medical aspect so that all fatal diseases can be cured and prevented. Not only that, by supporting science, we will be able to create better health and medical facilities. We will be able to use drugs that prevent diseases rather than merely treating symptoms and we will have body monitors that warn of impending trouble. MOTH, Can you bear the pain of suffering from diseases such as cancer and heart attack all your lives just because you oppose to Science? Through science, we can have modern medicine to relieve suffering even for babies. With science also we can detect diseases in early stage even during pregnancies. In genetic screening, for example, we can monitor the development of embryos to get high quality and healthy babies. If there is any disability or defects, it can be treated in early stage. As we know, embryos might have disabilities that would kill them as newborn babies. If properly treated these people may well live to enjoy healthy lives. If we oppose science, we are actually not helping the babies to be better adults in terms of their health. Not only that. Science helps in improving health condition of human beings because of any accidents or tragedy. With science, we are able to help people who are blind to see the lights and all wonderful things on earth and people who cannot walk to be able to walk again. Isn’t it a miracle? Do you think we will be able to do so without the help of science? I don’t think so my dear government team. MOTH, I am sure i have said enough to convince you that science is not a threat but is actually a bless to humanity. The health benefits that we receive from them are so great that we are able to enjoy life to the fullest and no more worries of critical diseases. So MOTH, once again i restate our stand that we totally disagree with the motion today that says â€Å"Science is a threat to humanity’ as it should be ‘Science is a bless to humanity’. With that i beg to differ. Thank you. SCIENCE IS A THREAT TO HUMANITY 2ND- OPPOSITION Thank you madam speaker. Assalamualaikum and a very good morning to the wise and honourable adjudicators, the punctual timekeeper, my fellow teammates, not forgetting the misleading government team and members of the house. As the second speaker, it is my duty to rebut the arguments given by the second minister of the government team. Her/His argument was _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ But i disagree because ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Then he/she also claimed that ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Then, the Prime Minister claims that ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Which i don’t agree because ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ MOTH, My first argument is about how science helps in improving the quality of life. As humans, we cannot deny that we need science – the knowledge to make our lives easier. You must remember, without science, you will not know how to get clothes, to build a house or to cook food. The contribution of science can be seen in our everyday lives. Can we think about a life without electricity, cars, telephone, internet, television and thousands of scientific inventions that make our life comfortable? The application of science is indeed a great help in people’s every day routine. For example, people use their refrigerator to keep their food chilled and fresh longer. People use cars, buses and other vehicles the transport themselves from one place to another. They use air conditioners and heaters to help maintain temperature. As we can see, every aspect of life is dependent on science and its application to improve the quality of life. MOTH, We cannot say no to science for all the contributions it brings. With science, we can get latest knowledge and find more discoveries to improve our quality of life. With science also we can get new technology to develop our nation and boost our economy. When our country is developed, only then we can compete with other countries or at least be equal with other countries in terms of social, politics and economy. If we are against science, of course we will be left behind. MOTH, The discoveries in genetically modified food have helped to reduce famine and hunger. In agriculture, the genetics of food are improved to produce bigger fruits which provide more nutrients to all people. This is certainly a great achievement in the field of science where it as able to help the poor countries to fight the problem of hunger among their people. MOTH, Now let’s move on to my second argument that is Science helps to improve communication. Years after years we can see advancement in the communication sector where people on opposite sides of the world are able to stay in touch where before, they would have no possible way to do so, thanks to Science and its application. Today, distance will not be an issue because we can communicate and exchange ideas with people around the world in just a moment. This helps to strengthen the relationship among people. As we all know, the internet keeps us connected. We even can change our ways in solving problems easier and faster through the internet. It also makes our job run fast and more effective. Even entrepreneurs use this medium to do their transactions. The development in many industries right now also is actually because of science and the application of science. There is no barrier to market products and we can compete with other develop countries, thanks again to the miracle of science. MOTH, Do you still remember the 6th Challenge of our Vision 2020? , the challenge of establishing a scientific and progressive society, a society that is innovative and forward looking, one that is not only a consumer of technology but also a contributor to the scientific and technological civilization of the future. Our vision 2020 will not be a reality if we say no to Science. MOTH, How to cite Science Is a Threat to Humanity, Papers

Low Carbon Cooling in Tropical and Semi-Tropical Climates

Question: Describe The Low Carbon Cooling in Tropical and Semi-Tropical Climates? Answer: Introduction The global warning is an alarming issue in present days. The increment in the global temperature created an excessive temperature increment in the tropical and the semi-tropical regions. This increment in the temperature has increased the use of the conventional cooling system in these regions. This has increased the carbon emission from the conventional cooling systems that is creating an adverse effect on the global environment (LuÃÅ'ˆbken, 2013). Most of the global countries are trying to reduce the carbon emission from the conventional cooling system through implementing a passive cooling system in the buildings. Recently QGBC- Qatar Green Blinding Council and the SIJ- Solar Institute Julich have shaken the hands to create an environment friendly sustainable housing project (Qf.org.qa, 2014). The Qatar government cleared their intention to implement the environment friendly passive cooling through taking decision in implementing the passive cooling through solar cooling systems in all the stadiums for the world cup (Marsh, 2014). Therefore, throughout this report the analysis of the available passive cooling methods will be discussed in accordance with the cost and the effectiveness of the methods for the home and industrial purpose. 1.0 Current Issues Figure 1: The High Temperature Zone (Source: Sciencedirect.com, 2014) The tropical and the semi-tropical region geographically positioned within the cancer 2327N to the Capricorn 2327S (Sciencedirect.com, 2014). The regional temperature in this area is much higher than the other areas across the globe. According to the study by Chaussinand (2014) the average temperature difference ranges within 10 C 15 C. Therefore, the use of the conventional cooling system is very much wide in this section. The emerging economic condition has increased the construction of the individual and the industrial building in these areas especially in India, Singapore, Malaysia and Qatar Li et al. (2013). This economic growth has increased the use of the cooling system within this region. This increment in the conventional cooling system increased the demand of the power generation. The cumulative effect of these two has increased the higher carbon emission in the environment. This higher carbon emission has worked as a catalyst for the warming of the temperature in these areas (Fang, 2014). In Qatar according to the study by Suljic (2014) the power consumption has increased by approximately 9.30%. However, according to the majority portion of this higher incremental demand has come from the higher installation of the conventional cooling system. According to the study by Biswas (2014) clearly demonstrated that the structure and the materials used for the development of a building majorly increases the inside temperature. This study has also showed that the faulty design and the selection of the wrong material contributed in the 70% growth of the internal temperature. Therefore, the main issue is that to deliver such a design that will help the houses to decrease the inside temperature and this decrement in the temperature will slow down the use of the conventional cooling systems in the houses. 2.0 Passive Cooling Figure 2: Passive Cooling Methods for Energy Efficient Buildings (Source: Sciencedirect.com, 2014) The concept of the passive cooling says that, it is a preventive measure that will help in the overheating of the interior sections inside the building. According to Liu et al. (2013) the passive cooling strategy involves a three step cover up in the structural aspect of the building. These three aspects are: 1. A mechanism should be developed so that the inside temperature does not increase. In doing this, the measures that can be taken are solar shading of the roof, use of the reflective elements in the construction of the building and use of color that helps in reducing the generation of the heat. 2. The structure should be constructed that it remains able to keep the balance within the heat generation and heat emission for the building. In doing this, the structure should provide ample space for the airflow and incoming of the sunlight during the daytime. 3. The implementation of the air infiltration mechanism to reduce the interior heat generation. To achieve this energy efficient material should be used and should use such interior color that reduces the heat generation (Ni and Zhao,2013). 3.0 Different available designs According to S.K. Ng et al. (2013) the most acclaimed and the most practical designs that are available recently are the: 1. ZCB- Zero carbon building 2. ZEB- Zero energy building However, in recent days a hybrid system has been developed that uses the renewable energy to run the cooling systems installed in the building. However, according to Gholami et al. (2014) the development of the captive house has larger potential to implement the passive cooling but the implementation cost is very high. In UK and USA the implementation of the ZCB and ZEB, based building has evolved very smoothly. However, in Qatar and in the Asian countries the initiative is very low. According to the MoU between the Qatar Green Blinding Council and the Solar Institute Julich will help to implement the lower carbon emission buildings in Qatar (Qf.org.qa, 2014). 4.0 Zero Carbon Building (ZCB) Design Approach Figure 3: The ZCB Design (Sample Only) (Source: Ng et al. 2015) According to Chvez and Melchor (2014) ZCB is the most suitable strategy for the construction of the Zero carbon building. However, according to him the designing of this kind of building is very much complex. The main theme of this construction is to construct such a kind of house that is capable of response to the climate. According to Halirova et al. (2014) the cooling season difference in Qatar and London is very much high and due to it the fundamental designing of this king of building is to block the direct heat coming from the sun and letting the air flow freely within the building. Moreover, it develops a natural ventilation system that keeps the balance between the optimum temperature and the inside heating. The natural ventilation has the ability to reduce the overheating more efficiently than the mechanical ventilation system. Qi et al. (2013) the development of the large open area helps in reducing the temperature very efficiently along with the proper airflow provisions. The south facing design development allows the flow of the air more freely than the other structures. The following figures will demonstrate some of the most widely used airflow maintenance system within the buildings. Figure 4: Open Plan layouts (Source: Yourhome.gov.au, 2014) The open plan layout allows the free flowing of the incoming air through the open space. This free flow of the air helps in reducing the interior heat of the building (Ogunbiyi et al. 2014). If the design is constructed through keeping the side of the building in the southend, the air will be flowed through the windows and will reduce the interior temperature. Figure 5: Convection air Movement (Source: Yourhome.gov.au, 2014) According to Velasco et al. (2014) the convective air movement allows the warm air to gets ventilated through the upper panel where as it allows the cool air to come in through the lower panels. The cool air comes inside the building through the open spaces and it circulates to the upper floor and is ventilated through the upper floor, as it gets warm. The south facing buildings with evaporating cooling options get the most of the benefit from this type of design (Henry and Kato, 2014). Figure 6: Earth coupling cooling mechanism (Source: Yourhome.gov.au, 2014) According to Shari and Soebarto (2014) the earth coupling is the most sustainable solution for the passive cooling of the buildings. Through this mechanism the house, remain able to keep the ground temperature low that helps in cooling of the interior section during the nighttime. However, according to if the shading is done through unstructured way it can exceed the level of comfort in the interior section. The study by Waris et al. (2014) has shown that the ground temperature varies therefore the earth coupling will be very much effective for the country. 4.0.1 ZCB Life cycle Figure 7: Concept of Life Cycle for ZCB (Source: Ng et al. 2015) According to Tsukiyama et al. (2014) the ZCB does not have any standardized framework for the construction or setting benchmark. Therefore, it becomes tough to calculate the life cycle of the ZCB. However, considering the lower use of the conventional cooling system and the other electrical equipments in the daytime the building could have a life cycle of 50 years (Ng et al. 2015). To attain the zero carbon building the owner of the building and the constructor of the building needs to put focus on the development of the renewable energy sources within the premise of the building. On this context, the roof of the building could be used as the source of unconventional power. The installation of the solar panel will help to develop a self-sustainable power resource for the building (Waris et al. 2014). Therefore, through this development the demand for the power extraction from the national grid will be decreased for that building. This will also help to reduce the carbon emission from that building. 4.0.2 Carbon neutrality According to Zhai et al. (2014) the carbon neutrality is the summation of couple of factors. Therefore, the carbon neutrality is: Carbon Neutral= Emission associated with electricity supplied to the building+ Emission reduced through adopting the renewable energy + Emission related with the biodiesel. Therefore, to achieve the zero carbon building the source of the renewable energy should be developed within the premise of the building. In the case of the industrial buildings, it is possible to develop a captive renewable power plant but it becomes very tough for the residential areas. In the residential areas, the implementation of the solar panel will be the best fit (Hu et al. 2014). The bio diesel could be used for the burning propose inside the building. The use of the bio diesel will help to reduce the carbon emission happened due to the burning of the natural gases and other resources. Figure 8: PV and CCHP operation system (Source: Ong, 2014, pp.106) On the other hand, use of the sun reflective glasses and the large windows with proper outside painting and the inside ventilation will reduce the inside temperature. This structure will help to reduce the use of the conventional cooling system. Moreover, the use of the bio-diesel and the renewable energy will generate surpluses in the national grid and that could be used in somewhere else. The captive electricity that will be generated through the solar panels will be used for the electrification of the ground areas and the CCHP will help to reduce the heat generated by the cooling instruments. The surplus energy will be redirected to the CCHP section (Wongvisanupong and Hoonchareon, 2013). 5.0 Zero Energy Building Design At the early design stage, the energy simulation of the whole building can be conducted and it can help in predicting the energy consumption by the ZCB. Then the renewable energy system and building energy system were rebuilt by using the results for the neutralization. The effectiveness of the different design strategy can be evaluated at the design phase and in that phase the energy demand and the loads can be strategically reduced as well. Thus it can help in using the standard cost-benefit analysis for making the decisions regarding the design in architecture and engineering of the design. Here the simulation tool can be used for building the energy simulation. The main inputs that are required are ZCB building designs (building systems and architectural elements) and hourly weather databases. Here the Typical Meteorological Year can be used as well for the determination of the weather years. 5.0.1 Base Design It is evident that the base design of the building is very important in order to make it more energy efficient. In order to make the buildings energy-efficient, it is very important to take into consideration the Building energy Codes (BEC) for the new buildings. The code can implement the designs of best practices for all the building developments in the region. The Overall Thermal transmittance value is regulated by the BEC regulations and it can also provide the guidelines for the use of escalators, lightings, electricity usage, air-conditioning etc. thus the design targets and the baselines are formed for the practitioners by using the regulations. This can also help in achieving the main aims and objectives of the use of ultra-low energy and the baseline performance can be surpassed by such designs of the low energy and ZCB design. In the following diagram the distribution of energy that is predicted for the baseline model is shown. The energy use intensity (EUI) is between 25-350 kWh/m2 for a typical existing building and the BEC is around 157 kWh/m2 for a typical building. Thus it can be said that the energy can be effectively reduced in a building by adopting the BEC requirements. Figure 9: The base design for ZEB (Source: Ng et al. 2015) 5.0.2 Energy performance In the following table, the key parameters of ZCB and the design values has been summarized. As one of the design cases, the energy model was used here. The predicted ZCB and EUI is 45% lower than the compliant baseline building as it is 86 kWh/m2. As a result of intensive application and mixed uses the CIC ZCB is more energy intensive. Thus it can be said that the energy performance of the building structures in the country can be significantly improved by using the specific design. Figure 10: The Energy Analysis (Source: Ng et al. 2015) 5.0.3 Effectiveness Analysis Now the effectiveness of the design can be discussed as well. It is known that the energy simulation can predict the effectiveness of the strategies of energy savings in the active and passive system settings. In the following figure the relative effectiveness can be summarized. The performance and effectiveness of the design can be evaluated through various measures. These are discussed here. Figure 11: Energy Efficiency Level (Source: Ng et al. 2015) Performance of Facade Thermal: It is very important to minimize the envelope loads for lowering the build-up heat. It is calculated that the approximately 163 W/m2 is the value of the peak load cooling but mostly the cooling load is approximately 80 w/m2. Reduction of the Window-to-wall Ratio: It is evident that the solar heat can be gained nearly ten times more through the windows compared to the opaque facades. There can be a dramatic impact of the solar heat gain due to the minimization of the extent of glazing. It is very important to consider the angle of the sun in various times of the day and how it can maximize or minimize the requirement of heat and light at home during those times. It can help in optimizing the benefits and can help in deciding on the position of the windows. Facade Insulation and Envelope Absorptivity: It is important to minimize the heat flow with the help of opaque walls. There are mainly two steps that can help in reducing such effects. First, the flow of heat through the walls can be stopped by adding insulation in the walls. Secondly, the surface temperature can be reduced as wall by reducing the absorption of the faade which can help in reflecting the heat away. Here the absorptivity can reduced below 0.3 by using the glazed finishes and the white walls. Day lighting: The solar penetration of the building can be minimized by maximizing the daylight, if the building is tilted to the North. It can be integrated into the design of the building and it can provide the desirable results. Figure 12:Optimum use of Daylight (Source: Ng et al. 2015) Enveloping Air-Tightness: In a hot and humid climate it is very important that air-tightness is implemented as a disproportional impact can be can be seen for the high humidity. The risk of condensation can be reduced as well with the air tightness. Optimizing Natural Ventilation and Microclimate: The energy load can be reduced by enhanced natural ventilation. In the following diagram, the modeling technique is shown with the help of computational fluid dynamics. It can help in optimizing the natural air flow availability Radiant Cooling: The radiation heat transfer helps in radiant cooling system. The circulated chilled water help in reducing the heat from the circulation and this system is more energy-efficient. Thus the radiant cooling system can help in reducing the use of energy on the design. 5.0.4 Renewable Energy generation The renewable energy needs to be generated on-sight. The landscape and the building energy consumption can be significantly reduced after the application of active and passive design measures for the efficiency of energy. The energy demand needs to be met through the means of renewable energy in order to achieve net zero carbon. A bio-diesel design system can be installed as well in order meet with the requirements of renewable energy. A CCHP energy system can be used as well for the reduction of the electrical energy used for the cooling process. 6.0 Combination System Figure 13: Main components of the CCHP bio diesel generator and the absorption chiller (Source: Qingyuan and Yu, 2014, pp.1728) The main theme is this system is to use the CCHP system and bio fuel as the fuel for the operation. According to Qingyuan and Yu (2014) the use of the bio fuel will help to reduce the carbon emission into the environment. However, the most of the complex situation is the designing of the absorption chiller and the generator. According to Leydecker (2013) while designing the CCHP system, four key considerations are required. The considerations are: 1. Optimization of the operational cost 2. Plant size is short 3. System designed to fulfill the instantaneous cooling demands 4. PV panel position inside the house In the combination system, the water from the chiller helps to absorb the excess heat generated from the cooling system. However, currently the highest capacity of the combination system is the 100 kWe (Cameron and West, 2013). Conclusion The global warming has increased the temperature of the tropical and the semi-tropical regions. This increment in the temperature has increased the demand for the conventional cooling systems. However, due to the excessive use of these conventional cooling system the Carbon emission has increased that affected the environment adversely. Therefore, to maintain the balance between the comfort and the environmental safety the implementation of the ZCB and the ZEB will be much effective for the residential buildings. On the other hand, for the industrial buildings the implementation of the combination system will help to reduce the carbon emission from the cooling system. However, the implementation of the solar panel and the use of the bio diesel will help to reduce the carbon emission largely. On the other hand, while developing the projects through the ZCB and ZEB approaches the cost estimation affordability needs to be taken care of. Otherwise, the project popularity could lows down. On the promotion issue, the government needs to take the initiative through developing separate plans for the companies and customers. Bibliography Books Cameron, C. and West, J. (2013). The Impact of Future CO2 Emission Reduction Targets on U.S. Electric Sector Water Use. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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